Introduction:

Casteism, a deeply entrenched social issue, has left an indelible mark on the fabric of South Asian societies. Its roots are complex, intertwined with historical, religious, and colonial influences. In this blog, we embark on a journey to unravel the history of casteism, exploring its origins, distortions, and the path towards embracing unity and equality. From the Varna system of ancient India to the impact of British colonialism, and the perspectives of various religious faiths, we delve into the multifaceted nature of this divisive phenomenon.

The Varna System and its Distortion:

The Varna system, initially conceived as a framework for organizing society based on occupational roles, underwent a transformation over time. Originally, it categorized people into Arya Varna (The Noble Ones) and Das Varn (Local Inhabitants), fostering a sense of harmony and mutual respect. However, the distortion of this system, driven by greed and a desire for social hierarchy, led to the entrenchment of casteism based on birth rather than merit or occupation.

The Role of British Colonialism:

The British colonial era significantly exacerbated the caste divisions in India. The translation of Manusmriti, a Sanskrit text, by British Philologist Sir William Jones in 1776, played a pivotal role in perpetuating caste-based discrimination. The motives behind selecting this particular text for translation remain shrouded in ambiguity, raising questions about its authenticity and the potential manipulation by colonial powers to serve their divide and rule agenda.

Impact on Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, and Christianity:

Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, and Christianity each offer unique perspectives on casteism. In Hinduism, the distortion of the Varna system gave rise to rigid caste boundaries, perpetuating discrimination and untouchability. Islam, originally devoid of casteism, witnessed its emergence post the 12th-century Muslim conquests in South Asia, creating a hierarchy between foreign-origin Muslims and local converts. Sikhism, founded on the principles of equality and oneness, vehemently rejects the notion of caste. Christianity, while generally opposed to casteism, exhibits traces of it in certain South Asian regions, underscoring the complexity of its manifestation across different cultural contexts.

Challenging the Divisive “Virus”:

The pervasive influence of casteism underscores the urgent need for collective action to dismantle its divisive structures. Embracing equality and unity as guiding principles, we must confront caste-based discrimination in all its forms. Education, advocacy, and legislative measures are essential tools in fostering social inclusion and dismantling entrenched prejudices. By acknowledging the historical roots of casteism and actively working towards a more equitable society, we pave the way for a future where every individual is treated with dignity and respect, irrespective of caste or creed.

Casteism in Islam

Historical Development:

• Foreign Conquerors and Local Converts:
  • After the 12th-century Muslim conquests in South Asia, a social hierarchy emerged between foreign-origin Muslims (Ashraf) and local converts (Ajlaf).
  • The distinction was based on the association with conquerors, creating a perceived superiority among the foreign-origin Muslims.
• Relations with Hindu Caste System:
  • Some argue that the existing Hindu caste system influenced the division within South Asian Muslim societies, while others believe that it was a conscious adoption by Islamic conquerors in a predominantly Hindu environment.

Classification:

• Ashrafs and Ajlafs:
  • Ashrafs: Higher castes claiming foreign-origin descent.
  • Ajlafs: Lower castes comprising local converts, often associated with menial professions.
• Arab-Origin Higher Castes and Converts:
  • The hierarchy further extends to distinctions between Arab-origin higher castes (unch zat) and descendants of lower caste converts (nich zat).

Historical Figures and Opinions:

• Ziauddin Barani:
  • A 14th-century political thinker recommended higher social status for Ashrafs over Ajlafs.
  • Developed a system of promotion and demotion of Imperial officers based on their caste.
• Adoption of Hindu Castes:
  • Scholars like M. N. Srinivas and R.K. Bhattacharya argue that Indian Hindu converts brought their original caste system into Muslim society.

Modern Context:

• Caste Associations:
  • Some Muslim communities have established caste associations to promote community interests and support.
• Kafa’a and Endogamy:
  • The concept of kafa’a, supporting endogamy, justifies South Asian Muslim caste practices.

Challenges and Perspectives:

• Efforts to Combat Social Stratification:
  • Progressive movements within Muslim communities work towards eradicating caste-like practices.
  • Scholars and leaders emphasize the egalitarian principles of Islam.
• Controversies and Diversity:
  • The existence and significance of caste-like divisions vary across different Muslim communities and regions.
  • The term “Pasmanda” is sometimes used to include lower-caste Muslims, but its usage may not be universal.

Casteism in Christianity:

Historical Context:

• Colonial Influence: In regions where Christianity expanded during colonial periods, the social hierarchies of the colonizers often influenced the structure of Christian communities.
• Integration of Local Customs: In some cases, local converts might have integrated existing social practices, including caste-like divisions, into their Christian identity.

Contemporary Manifestations:

• Denominational Distinctions: Certain denominations may exhibit socio-economic disparities that, to some extent, resemble caste-like divisions.
• Social Stratification: In some Christian societies, socio-economic factors might lead to distinctions between different groups within the community.

Efforts to Combat Casteism:

• Social Reforms: Progressive Christian movements and leaders often work towards eliminating caste-based discrimination.
• Interfaith Dialogue: Engaging in conversations with other religious communities to address common social issues, including casteism.

Casteism in Sikhism:

Sikhism’s Foundational Principles:

• Equality (Ik Onkar): Sikhism fundamentally rejects the notion of caste. The concept of Ik Onkar emphasizes the oneness of God and equality among all human beings.
• Guru Nanak’s Teachings: Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, strongly advocated against social hierarchies and discrimination based on caste, considering all individuals equal.

Societal Practices:

• Gurdwara Practices: Sikh gurdwaras exemplify equality by serving langar (free community kitchen) where people from diverse backgrounds, without any distinctions, share meals.
• Community Equality: Sikhs, ideally, are expected to treat everyone with respect and equality, irrespective of their caste or social background.

Challenges:

• External Influences: Despite Sikhism’s egalitarian principles, external societal influences might lead to some individuals or groups within the Sikh community practicing caste-like discrimination.
• Educational Initiatives: Efforts are made within the Sikh community to educate and raise awareness about Guru Nanak’s teachings on equality.

End Note:

Casteism, a product of historical distortions and colonial manipulations, continues to cast a shadow on South Asian societies. However, by delving into its origins, understanding its complexities, and embracing unity as a guiding principle, we can begin to dismantle its divisive structures. Through collective action and unwavering commitment to equality, we can transcend the barriers of casteism and foster a society where every individual is valued and respected for their inherent worth.

Sources:

• Ambedkar, B. R. (1946). Annihilation of Caste.
• Jaffrelot, Christophe. (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India.
• Kumar, Vivek. (2008). “Understanding the Origin and Nature of Caste System in India”.
• Menon, Meena. (2018). “Caste: Origins and Transformations”. Economic and Political Weekly, 53(48).
• Shah, Ghanshyam. (2009). Caste and Democratic Politics in India.
• Singh, Khushwant. (2011). The History of Sikhs, Volume 1: The Sikhs of the Punjab.